Objective: To investigate the effect of Romberg Exercise on balance improvement in elderly persons, 70 elderly persons with the history of two or more falling during recent 3 months were selected from Kahrizak nursing home in Tehran (38 as cases and 32 as controls).Materials & Methods: Romberg Exercise was done in case group every day (45 minute per day and one time each day) for 3 months. Among all persons, 28 persons in case group and 21 persons in control group were followed for 6 months and incidence and frequency of falling were assessed during this time.Results: The Incidence of one or more falling in case and control groups was 31.3% and 47.6% in men and 57.9% and 27.3% in women, respectively. We found no significant relation between gender and the incidence of falling (P=0.460). Also, no significant relation was found between age and incidence (P=0.554) and frequency of falling (P=0.144) in elderly persons.Conclusion: Although the effect of Romberg Exercise on improvement of balance disturbance and falling was not demonstrated, it needs additional studies with larger sample size and longer follow-up.

Background: Previous studies suggest that Acute Exercise may improve memory function. Few studies, however, have investigated the differential effect of the Acute Exercise movement patterns on memory. Such an effect is plausible, as research demonstrates that open-skilled Exercise (e. g., racquetball) may have a greater effect on memory-related neurotrophins (e. g., brain-derived neurotrophic factors) when compared to closed-skilled Exercise (e. g. treadmill Exercise). A key distinction between open-and closed-skilled Exercise is that open-skilled Exercises are those that require an individual to react in a dynamic way to a changing, unpredictable environment. Our aim in this study was to assess wether retrospective and prospective memory are differentially influenced from open-and closed-skilled Acute Exercise. Methods: A within-subject design was employed. Participants (Mage = 20. 6 years; 69% female) completed two visits, in a counterbalanced order. The two experimental conditions included open-skilled Acute Exercise (racquetball) and closed-skilled Acute Exercise (treadmill Exercise), each lasting 30-minute at 60% of heart rate reserve (HRR). During both experimental conditions, participants completed short-and long-term assessments of retrospective and prospective memory function. Retrospective memory was evaluated across multiple word-list trials (e. g., Trials 1-6, 20-minute delay, 24-hour delay). Results: No significant effect of Exercise was found on prospective memory. For retrospective memory, there was a significant main effect for condition, F(1, 57) = 5. 33, P = 0. 02, η 2 = 0. 004, main effect for trial, F(4. 12, 234. 9) = 227. 85, P < 0. 001, η 2 = 0. 46, but no condition by trial interaction, F(4. 63, 264. 08) = 1. 022, P = 0. 40, η 2 = 0. 002. Conclusion: Retrospective memory was greater after closed-skilled Exercise (treadmill) when compared to open-skilled Exercise (racquetball).

Honey is one of the most important agricultural products, and honey bees have borne many diseases from many long years. This study was done for identifying the honey bee mortality agents in lahijan province. The samples were collected from bee hives. Honey bees were divided by morphological properties in two groups; healthy and ill bees. They were inoculated into Sf9 cell lines for existing of Acute Paralysis Virus (APV). Results showed that, healthy bees (morphologically) did not show any CPE in cell lines, while, the ill ones produced CPE in these cell lines. Then, ill honey bees were evaluated by transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). According to this study, all ill honey bees have been infected by APV. But, we could not confirm our results by neutralization test with specific antisera, because they were not purchased. We sprayed the extract of ill honey bees on healthy bees, and it was seen the disease symptoms that it is due to contagious disease and there are external factors to induce the disease. Incidence of APV was evaluated seasonally. Incidence of disease in spring and summer (6 & 10 percent) were higher than autumn and winter (2 & 0 percent). It is showed that, the disease has higher incidence in warm seasons. In the base of virus family (Picornaviridae), it was predictable.

After performance of successful program for control and treatment of Acute gastroenteritis, Acute respiratory infections (ARI) especially pneumonia, are the most important infectious etiology of children’s mortality in developing countries nowadays.Diagnosis of pneumoma is made on clinical grounds it is based on four sets of data including Clinic, epidemiology, Radiology and routine laboratory tests. Then, pneumonia itself can be divided to three categories including bacterial, viral and atypical pneumonia. Each type of pneumonia is treated after possible diagnosis with its criteria. Correct and accurate knowledge of physicians of diagnosis and therapy of this important disease in children could prevent unnecessary costs and decrease its morbidity and mortality.